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  2. System Design Fundamentals
  3. Scaling Fundamentals & Statelessness
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System Design Fundamentals

The building blocks of system design interviews and real distributed systems: scaling, load balancing, caching, data partitioning, consistency models and event-driven architecture. Every concept is presented as a trade-off, because that is how it is actually assessed.

Engineering
AShared by Alex Chen
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Scaling Fundamentals & Statelessness

Vertical and horizontal scaling, what statelessness buys you, and the estimation habits that make the rest of system design tractable.

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Content

38 total questions

MCQ: 9
Fill-in: 7
Flashcards: 12
Pair match: 10
Scaling Fundamentals & Statelessness – Flashcards
Flashcards

Card #1

Vertical scaling (scaling up)

Card #2

Why statelessness makes a service easy to scale

Card #3

Sticky sessions (session affinity)

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Scaling Fundamentals & Statelessness – MCQ
Multiple Choice Questions
  1. 1. A service is described as 'stateless'. What follows from that?

    • Any instance can serve any request, because no request depends on data held only in one instance's memory
    • The service stores no data anywhere, including in databases
    • The service is not allowed to use a cache
    • Each user is pinned to a single instance for the life of their session
  2. 2. The main limitation of vertical scaling is that:

    • there is a largest available machine, and one node remains a single point of failure
    • it requires the application to be rewritten as stateless
    • it cannot improve performance for CPU-bound work
    • it cannot be applied to database servers
  3. 3. A service reports a p99 latency of 800 ms. That means:

    • 1% of requests take longer than 800 ms
    • the average request takes 800 ms
    • 99% of requests take longer than 800 ms
    • the slowest request ever recorded took 800 ms
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Scaling Fundamentals & Statelessness – Fill-in-the-blank
Fill in the Blank
  1. 1. Adding CPU, RAM or disk to a single existing machine is called ___ scaling.

    Answer:verticalalso: scaling up, up

    Hint: The opposite of horizontal

  2. 2. A service that keeps no request-specific data in an instance's memory is described as ___.

    Answer:stateless

    Hint: Any replica can serve any request

  3. 3. The latency value that only 1% of requests exceed is the ___ latency.

    Answer:p99also: 99th percentile, p99 (99th percentile)

    Hint: A percentile

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Scaling Fundamentals & Statelessness – Pair match
Pair Match
Vertical scaling↔Make one machine bigger
Horizontal scaling↔Add more machines behind a balancer
Stateless service↔Any instance can serve any request
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